Daily Current Affairs Analysis

22-24 May 2024

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Antarctic Parliament meets in Kochi: What’s on the table?

Meaning of the heading

The news heading refers to the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46), commonly known as the Antarctic Parliament, held in Kochi, India. The meeting is a significant international event where 56 member countries of the Antarctic Treaty convene to discuss and decide on various issues related to Antarctica. Key topics include governance, scientific research, environmental protection, and new initiatives such as India's proposal to construct a new research station, Maitri II. The discussions aim to ensure the peaceful use of Antarctica, promote international scientific cooperation, and protect the continent's fragile ecosystem.

 

Related Topic (as per UPSC Syllabus)

Prelims

1.    Geography of India and the World

o   Physical geography of the world, including landforms and oceans.

o   Geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water bodies and ice-caps).

2.    Environment and Ecology

o   General issues on environmental ecology, biodiversity, and climate change.

Mains

1.    General Studies Paper I

o   Geography

§  Distribution of key natural resources across the world including South Asia and the Indian subcontinent.

§  Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclones, etc., geographical features, and their location.

2.    General Studies Paper III

o   Environment and Ecology

§  Conservation, environmental pollution, and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

o   Science and Technology

§  Developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

§  Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology, and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

3.    General Studies Paper II

o   International Relations

§  Important international institutions, agencies, and fora, their structure, mandate.

Interview

1.    Current Affairs

o   Knowledge and understanding of current events of national and international importance.

2.    Personality Test

o   Ability to articulate views on contemporary issues, including environmental conservation, international treaties, and scientific cooperation.

 

News Analysis

Introduction

India is hosting the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46) in Kochi from May 20-30, 2024. This significant event, organized by the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research through the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), brings together representatives from the 56 member countries of the Antarctic Treaty. The meeting aims to address various aspects of Antarctic governance, science, and environmental protection.

 

The Antarctic Treaty

The Antarctic Treaty, signed on December 1, 1959, by twelve countries, including major powers like the United States and the USSR, is a cornerstone of Antarctic governance. The treaty, which came into force in 1961, has several key provisions:

• Peaceful Use: Antarctica is to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, with a strict prohibition on militarization.
• Scientific Cooperation: Signatories are encouraged to conduct scientific research and share findings openly.
• Environmental Protection: Nuclear testing and the disposal of radioactive waste are forbidden.

India joined the treaty in 1983 as a consultative party, granting it the right to participate in decision-making processes regarding the continent's future.

 

India's Presence in Antarctica

India has a long history of scientific research in Antarctica, starting with the establishment of its first research station, Dakshin Gangotri, in 1983. This was followed by the creation of Maitri in 1989 and Bharati in 2012. These stations support various scientific endeavors, including oceanographic, geological, and space research. India plans to construct a new station, Maitri II, to replace the ageing Maitri, with operations expected to begin by 2029.

 

Agenda of ATCM 46

Peaceful Governance

India aims to promote peaceful governance in Antarctica, emphasizing that geopolitical tensions should not disrupt the protection of the continent and its resources. This stance is in line with the treaty's original purpose of maintaining Antarctica as a non-militarized, scientifically focused zone.

 

Regulation of Tourism

For the first time, India is introducing a dedicated working group to regulate tourism in Antarctica. This group, which includes countries like the Netherlands and Norway, seeks to create guidelines to manage tourism activities and mitigate their impact on the fragile Antarctic ecosystem. This initiative stems from concerns about the potential threats posed by uncontrolled tourist activities.

 

Maitri II Proposal

India will officially present its plan to construct Maitri II at the meeting. As per the Antarctic Treaty's requirements, any new construction requires the approval of the ATCM. This new station is part of India's ongoing commitment to scientific research and environmental stewardship in Antarctica.

 

Sustainable Management and Climate Change

Discussions at ATCM 46 will also cover the sustainable management of Antarctica's resources, biodiversity prospecting, and the impacts of climate change. These topics are crucial for the long-term preservation of the continent's unique environment. The exchange of information and data, along with collaboration on research and capacity building, are essential components of these discussions.

 

Conclusion

The 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting in Kochi represents a critical opportunity for the international community to reinforce their commitment to the peaceful and sustainable management of Antarctica. India's proposals, including the construction of Maitri II and the regulation of tourism, highlight its proactive role in safeguarding the continent. The outcomes of this meeting will shape the future of Antarctic governance and environmental protection, ensuring that this unique region remains a global commons dedicated to peace and science.

 

Probable Mains Question

Q. "Discuss the significance of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings in promoting international cooperation and environmental conservation."

Model Answer (hints):

Introduction

The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) are pivotal in fostering international cooperation and ensuring the environmental conservation of Antarctica. These meetings, held annually, gather representatives from the 56 member countries of the Antarctic Treaty to deliberate on issues concerning the governance, scientific research, and protection of Antarctica's fragile ecosystem. The 46th ATCM, hosted by India in Kochi, underscores the global commitment to maintaining Antarctica as a zone dedicated to peace and science.

Demand of the Question

The ATCM plays a crucial role in:

1.    Promoting International Cooperation: The treaty brings together diverse nations to collaborate on scientific research and environmental protection, transcending geopolitical tensions.

2.    Environmental Conservation: Stringent regulations and collective efforts aim to preserve Antarctica's pristine environment, prohibiting militarization and ensuring sustainable resource management.

3.    Scientific Research and Data Sharing: The meetings facilitate the exchange of scientific data, enhancing global understanding of climatic and environmental changes.

4.    Regulating Human Activities: Initiatives to regulate tourism and new constructions, such as India's proposal for Maitri II, are crucial to mitigating human impact on the continent.

Way Forward

Strengthening Environmental Regulations: Enhancing and strictly enforcing regulations to mitigate the impacts of human activities, including tourism, is imperative. The newly proposed working group to regulate tourism is a step in the right direction.

Enhanced Scientific Collaboration: Increasing collaborative research efforts can lead to better understanding and solutions for global environmental challenges. Sharing data and resources among nations can amplify the impact of scientific endeavors.

Sustainable Development Practices: Any new construction or initiative, such as Maitri II, should prioritize sustainability. Utilizing green technologies and minimizing ecological footprints are essential for preserving Antarctica's environment.

Global Governance and Policy Making: Continued dialogue and consensus-building among member countries are vital. Strengthening the governance framework of the Antarctic Treaty System can ensure long-term protection and sustainable use of Antarctica.

Climate Change Mitigation: Addressing climate change impacts through targeted research and global cooperation is crucial. Understanding how Antarctic ice melt affects global ocean flows and developing strategies to mitigate these effects should be a priority.

Educational and Awareness Programs: Raising global awareness about the importance of Antarctica and the implications of its conservation can garner broader support for the treaty's objectives. Educational programs can highlight the continent's role in global climate regulation and biodiversity.

In conclusion, the ATCM serves as a cornerstone for the international governance of Antarctica, ensuring that this unique region remains a sanctuary for peace, scientific research, and environmental conservation. By strengthening regulations, fostering collaboration, and promoting sustainable practices, the global community can protect Antarctica for future generations. The commitment to these goals reflects a broader dedication to preserving our planet's environmental health and stability.

 

MCQs for Prelims Practice